ISIS-II, the successor to the UK’s pulsed neutron and muon source, will require two newly-designed spallation targets [1]. This work is still at the conceptual design stage, with a range of possible target designs still under consideration. To evaluate these concepts, it is necessary to produce a range of well-optimised target designs in sufficient detail to understand all the issues involved....
Conceptual design studies are now underway for ISIS-II, the successor to the UK’s pulsed neutron and muon source. Appropriate target technologies must be selected for each of the two proposed neutron target stations, to achieve a balance between neutronic performance and engineering reliability.
An essential choice early in the design process is between a stationary solid target or a rotating...
As part of the ISIS TS1 Project [1], a new design of spallation target has been installed and operated at ISIS TS1. Detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations were used to guide the design process and predict target performance. Since the TS1 Project target began operation in November 2022, operating data has been collected and used to validate the target simulation...
The ISIS Synchrotron operates two Target Stations (TS). TS1 is the oldest and has been operating for nearly 40 years. TS2 came onstream in 2009 adding an additional suite of instruments for scientific research.
Both Target Stations have solid Tungsten Targets clad in Tantalum, which are water-cooled. TS1 Target receives beam power of 160µA at 800 MeV and has proved to be very reliable with a...
The collimation system of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been designed to ensure that beam losses in superconducting magnets remain below quench limits in all operational phases. Their jaws constrain the relativistic, high-energy particles to a very small transverse area and protect the machine aperture.
Collimators are organised in families. Primary (TCP) collimators define the...
Within the scope of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project at CERN, a significant redesign of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) beam dump has been undertaken, accompanied by a relocation within the accelerator. The new device has been installed during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) in 2019-2020 and has been successfully operating since May 2021.
The revamped beam dump was designed to...
CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron North Area (NA) is set to house a new high-intensity fixed-target facility, to be installed in the existing ECN3 Experimental Cavern. Beam delivery to this area relies upon several beam-intercepting devices located in various branched transfer lines from the SPS. These include the transfer line ‘TED’ dump and ‘TCSC’ splitter protection collimators in the NA...
Muon colliders offer enormous potential for research of the particle physics frontier. Leptons can be accelerated without being subjected to large synchrotron radiation losses. The International Muon Collider Collaboration is considering 3 and 10 TeV (CM) machines for a conceptual stage.
At the front end of the Muon Collider facility lays a MW class production target system, which will...
The CERN’s Linac3 is a linear accelerator responsible for providing ion beams to the CERN accelerator complex. The Linac3 slits serve various functions, including charge state separation, diagnostics, and emittance measurement. However, the currently installed five slits exhibit differing specifications, functions, and positions along the beam line, making maintenance and management of spare...
The CERN ISOLDE Facility is the radioactive beam facility dedicated to the production, study and research of nuclei far from stability, currently employing the 1.4 GeV/c beam from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). ISOLDE is offering the largest variety of post-accelerated radioactive beams in the world. The installation is equipped with two uncooled iron blocks acting as beam dumps, buried...
The Super Fragment Separator Facility (Super-FRS) at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) project in Darmstadt, Germany shall be a state-of-the-art particle accelerator facility, with planned commissioning for early science in 2027. The Super-FRS target area components (plugs) will be activated due to the production of rare isotopes of all elements up to uranium via fission or...
The muon experimental facility called the Muon Science Establishment (MUSE) is the user facility at J-PARC MLF in addition to the neutron facility.
The muon production target, which is 2 cm thick graphite consuming about 5% of 3 GeV proton beam and located 30 m upstream from the neutron mercury target, produces high-intensity muon beams to be utilized in versatile muon science studies. Four...
The muon production target of the J-PARC MLF adopts a rotating graphite wheel to disperse radiation damage and heat load due to proton beam injection. The target is installed in a beamline vacuum, and the target is driven by a rotary drive transmission system using a drive-line component. Data on the rotational torque and speed of the target are monitored, and the interlock is introduced to...
The characterization of material microstructure and macrostructure effects due to radiation and extreme conditions utilizes proton/ion beam irradiation facilities, Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) and beams from a Tandem van de Graff facility, extreme temperature studies at the Center of Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), and effects due to extreme (high dose rate) x-ray environment at...
The multi-megawatt proton beams that will be employed at future accelerator complexes introduce many new challenges for next-generation targetry systems, primarily due to the increased levels of beam-induced radiation damage combined with thermal shock effects during a beam pulse. Novel material classes, such as high-entropy alloys and electro-spun nanofibers are currently being investigated...
The LBNF-DUNE experiment is expected to use a titanium beam window, immediately upstream of the pion-producing target and directly cooled by helium. This window will receive 2.5 DPA/yr from the proton beam and will experience significant cyclic loading due to beam heating, as well as operating at elevated temperature. To ensure beam window failure via high cycle fatigue is not a limiting...
Titanium-base alloys and beryllium are currently used as beam windows in multiple accelerator facilities due to their limited interaction with the beam, high strength, and radiation damage tolerance. The Tokai-to-Kamioka neutrino beamline at J-PARC uses the two-phase (alpha+beta) alloy Ti-6Al-4V as the material for both its primary beam window and target containment beam windows. The hadron...
Tungsten (W) has attracted great attention as a target material in high-intensity proton accelerator and plasma facing materials/components in future fusion reactors due to its high melting point, low thermal expansion coefficient, high density, etc. In these environments, helium (He) is produced by (n, α) nuclear reaction or spallation in bulk W. He tends to accumulate and precipitates into...
In high-energy proton accelerator facilities, protons accelerated to several hundred MeV to several hundred GeV are irradiated to target materials, and the produced secondary particles are used in experiments to elucidate particle physics, and materials and life sciences. The recent major accelerator facilities have been limited in beam power not by their accelerators, but by target...
In next-generation particle accelerators composed of the superconducting magnets, the high proof pressure is required to prepare for a severe accident of liquid helium leakage into the beamline. Furthermore, the beam window should be made of thin and low-density material to reduce loss of the beam through the beam window. It is known that the proof pressure of the sphere-shaped window is...
Material and Life science experimental facility (MLF) in J-PARC is Neutron and Muon experimental facility in Japan.[1] 3 GeV pulsed proton beam are injected to the spallation neutron target. Beam power of the MLF reached to 950 kW in the last operation period. The proton beam window (PBW) is the boundary wall between the vacuum space in the proton beam line and the helium atmosphere in the...
The inner reflector plug (IRP) at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a 30-ton assembly responsible for moderating neutrons and increasing the yield of useful neutrons at instruments. When operating, it has three cryogenic hydrogen moderators and one water moderator. The assembly uses cadmium, gadolinium, beryllium,...
A routine mercury loop filling operation was underway early on the morning of March 21st, 2019. That operation resulted in a severe transient from a previously unidentified accident scenario. Understanding the cause, restoring systems, and addressing the safety issues took time, and the SNS could not resume operations for three months. An undetected leak from a mercury pipe led to ...
Medical accelerator-driven neutron sources are in a unique position. There are many accelerator neutron sources for experimental research, flux up to ~10^8n/s scale, and large-scale spallation-type facilities with high intensity exceeding ~10^13n/s. Accelerator-driven neutron sources for medical use[1], which are now becoming popular, are in a unique position, lying between the two.
At...
A variety of research and development related to Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) [1] are in progress spearheaded by Japan Atomic Energy Agency. At the proposed ADS facilities, a high-intensity and high-energy proton beam is supplied to a Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) alloy target. The neutrons generated by the reactions between incident protons and nuclei of Pb and Bi contained in LBE triggered...
The demand for target radioisotopes in the field of target radioisotope medicine is increasing. Next-generation treatment alpha isotopes such as 211At, 225Ac, and 226Ra are at the forefront of this area. During our investigation, we identified the regulations surrounding radioprotection and pollution as a critical issue in the mass production of these isotopes using accelerators.
To address...
The granular flow target is a novel target type for high-power applications. By utilizing granular material as a circulation medium, it combines the advantages of circulation cooling and the use of various solid materials to achieve better performance in both heat removal and neutronics properties.
To evaluate the performance of this target, a system was established that is connected to a...
We are pleased to announce the launch of a cutting-edge medical isotope production technology research project in Lanzhou, China. This initiative is designed to address the regional demand for advanced medical radioactive isotopes of the higher quality.
To achieve this goal, the project utilizes a thin metal thorium target, which maximizes specific radioactivity while minimizing total...
Radiation measurements have been prepared for investigating activation of the 1.1 MW high-power beam dump in the linear IFMIF prototype accelerator (LIPAc). Deuteron beams accelerated up to 5 MeV with a nominal beam current of 125 mA in the current operation phase are stopped in the copper cone in the beam dump located at the end of the LIPAc beam line. In addition to the activation of the...
Transmutex SA was founded in 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland, to build Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) plants for the safe and sustainable production of carbon-free energy and the transmutation of nuclear waste. The Subcritical Transmutation Accelerated Reactor Technology (START) under development features a high-intensity proton accelerator, a high-power spallation target, a subcritical core, and...
TRIUMF laboratory, Canada’s particle accelerator center, currently operates a range of high-power targets across various different facilities. Most target stations are supplied with protons from the cyclotron at the heart of the facility, capable of delivering four independently controllable beams at energies from 70 to 520MeV with a total current of up to 300µA. Along Beamline 1A, there are...
