The CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is equipped with two external beam dumps, designed in order to absorb the entire energy of the accelerator, which reached 320 MJ/dump during LHC Run2 (2015-2018). During that period several operational challenges were encountered in the operation of the dumps; several mitigation measures were implemented in the spare dumps during Long Shutdown 2...
Spallation materials researches have been performed at PSI for more than 20 years. The activities are dominated by the SINQ Target Irradiation Program (STIP) and the post-irradiation examination (PIE) of STIP specimens. In the past five years, the 8th irradiation experiment of STIP (STIP-VIII) has been successfully carried out and some irradiated specimens of steel, tungsten, zircaloys and...
Following the 2020 update of the Strategy for Particle Physics, CERN initiated, under the auspices of the European Large National Laboratories Directors Group (LDG) a new International collaboration to progress on the feasibility studies of a Muon Collider at 10+ TeV with the goal of publishing a pre-CDR report in time for the next ESPPU at the end of the decade. The Collaboration elaborated...
Astatine-211 with the half-life of T1/2 = 7.214 h is one of the promising radionuclides for targeted α-particle therapy (TAT) [1]. The 5.87- and 7.45-MeV α-particle emissions occur in intensities of 41.8% and 58.2%, respectively, associated with the 211At decay. Due to the proper ranges of these α-particles in tissue, the 211At-labeled medicine is effective in killing cancer cells. 211At is...
Electron-beam-driven RI separator for SCRIT (ERIS) [1] was constructed as an online isotope separator (ISOL) system that is dedicated to produce a radioactive isotope (RI) beam for the SCRIT (Self-Confinement RI Target) electron scattering facility [2] at RIKEN RI Beam Factory. Electron scattering is one of the best ways to accurately understand the internal structure of atomic nuclei. The aim...
The ISAC facility’s RIB production scheme enables the irradiation and PIE of secondary (parasitic) targets under high power beam conditions (500 MeV, 100 μA), with potential for a wide range of investigations. Over recent years, ISAC has successfully commissioned and routinely operated secondary targets, seamlessly integrating a secondary irradiation program into the primary RIB target...
To understand and reliably predict the irradiation performance of materials, it is important to understand the fundamental effects of radiation on materials at the atomic scale. At the most basic level, radiation effects are caused by the creation of point defects including interstitial defects, substitutional defects and vacancies. Point defects are created when an incident particle or a...
Diamond is expected to be applied to next-generation power electronics and quantum sensor, due to its excellent and unique physical properties. As in the field of semiconductor device industry with other materials, ion implantation technology is indispensable for realizing diamond devices because of its design flexibility, where depth and concentration can be controlled by ion energy and...
FLUKA [1-3], developed and maintained by the FLUKA.CERN Collaboration, is a general-purpose code for the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of radiation transport. It is capable of accurately accounting for the transport and interaction of over 60 particle species (photons, leptons, hadrons, and ions) in complex material geometries on a broad energy range, from the keV (meV for neutrons) up to the...
Material damage index of displacement per atom (dpa) is calculated by the particle flux and the displacement cross section. Since the experimental data of the displacement cross section was scarce, the measurements using protons were conducted, and so far, the experimental data of protons up to 30 GeV have been obtained in J-PARC and other Japanese facilities. The displacement cross section...
The RIKEN RI beam factory (RIBF) is promoting the future upgrade plan to increase the intensity of heavy-element beams, especially uranium beams which are particularly important in unstable nuclear physics research in the midst of global research competition. At the RIBF, the overall charge conversion efficiency of two strippers, He gas and rotating graphite sheet disk strippers, used for...
Construction of the COMET Experiment is underway at J-PARC. It aims to discover a phenomenon of muon to electron conversion, which can prove an existence of the new physics. To achieve and overcome the current experimental record, we will generate high-intensity muon beam by injecting J-PARC 8-GeV primary proton beam to the target. The beam power will be 3.2 kW at the first stage and will be...
The Second Target Station (STS) is currently in the preliminary design phase at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). STS will significantly expand the existing capabilities of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at ORNL by constructing a new target station that utilizes the Proton Power Upgrade (PPU) enhanced SNS accelerator to make STS the world-leading peak brightness source for cold...
The Second Target Station (STS) is currently under preliminary design at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). STS will significantly expand the existing capabilities of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at ORNL by constructing a second target station that utilizes the existing SNS accelerator and provides a world leading source of cold (long wavelength) neutrons. The Target System design...
The Second Target Station will be a world-leading neutron facility with cold neutron brightness an order of magnitude better than the ORNL Spallation Neutron Source First Target Station. This facility aims to produce world-class brightness neutrons to advance fundamental science.
A rotating 1.2m diameter target disk of 59mm thick Tungsten water-cooled bricks has been selected for the...
A high-power target system is a key beam element to complete future High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments.
In the recent past, major accelerator facilities have been limited in beam power not by their accelerators, but by the beam intercepting device survivability. The target must then endure high power pulsed beam, leading to high cycle thermal stresses/pressures and thermal shocks. The...
High-Entropy Alloys and Electrospun Nanofiber materials are two novel classes of materials that can offer improved resistance to beam-induced radiation damage and thermal shock. Research to develop these new materials specifically for multi-megawatt accelerator target applications, such as beam windows and particle-production targets, are ongoing at Fermilab, within the scope of a DOE Early...
Beam power and runtime in high energy particle accelerators face limitations due to targets and beam windows, experiencing thermal shock, fatigue, and irradiation damage from the beam. To achieve higher beam power and extended runtime, the development of new materials is crucial, with High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) emerging as a promising solution due to their exceptional properties, including...
Titanium materials have been applied to beam window materials and beam dumps in large accelerator systems because of their low specific gravity, high corrosion resistance, strength, and other advantages. As beams become more powerful, there is a growing demand for higher irradiation resistance and other properties. We have been further characterizing titanium alloys based on the β-phase, and...
This talk will contain an overview of the measures taken to set a new beam power record (960kW) for the NuMI experiment, with focus on the target system. Target design upgrades, operational parameter changes, and target hall monitoring systems will be discussed. Additionally, challenges encountered along the way will be discussed such as a Horn 2 failure. Future plans to achieve higher beam...
The T2K target has operated successfully since the start of beam in 2010. During this time two targets have been installed and operated without failure. The second target has accumulated 3.1e21 protons on target (POT) at 510kW beam power. With the current upgrade plans the beam power will be 1.3MW by 2026 which will push the target even harder. At this beam power the heat load on the target...
Two 6-tonne beam dumps, each constituted by a graphite core encapsulated in a high-strength stainless-steel vessel, are employed to absorb the energy of the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC) intense 7 TeV/c proton beams during operation of the accelerator.
The beam dumps were initially conceived to repeatedly absorb up to around 300 MJ/dump. This has increased over the lifetime of the LHC as...
There are several project using positron sources in KEK.
KEK electron positron injector LINAC has been operating and developing positron sources for high energy collider experiments more than 30 years from Tristan to SuperKEKB.
The source for SuperKEKB is world's most intense and high efficiency positron source now in operation.
To further increase the positron production efficiency and...
In the electron-driven positron source of the ILC (International Linear Collider), positrons are obtained by injecting 3-GeV electron beam into tungsten target. The average heat load of the tungsten part is about 20 kW, and a rotating target structure is adopted to disperse this heat load. For this target, it is necessary to design both a rotating structure and vacuum performance. Also, for...
This will be an overview of the purpose and present design of the LBNF Hadron Absorber followed by discussion of assembly considerations. The Absorber intercepts the residual proton beam after it interacts with the LBNF target and travels through the decay pipe. The Absorber Final Design Review is scheduled for early 2024, and to close out the design a detailed assembly plan is being created....
The pion production target for the Long Baseline Neutrino Facility is being designed and manufactured by the High Power Targets Group at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UK as a contribution in kind. The design of the first prototype target has now been completed. This talk will give an overview of the design and prototyping work to date, and ongoing plans for manufacturing, commissioning, and...
Injection of helium microbubbles at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)-Spallation Neutron Source has proven to be a stress mitigation mechanism that may extend fatigue lifetime of liquid mercury target vessels. The production of bubbles with average diameters of less than 0.150 mm is achieved using highly turbulent swirl flow in a liquid metal facility undergoing high radiation...
IFMIF-DONES will be a unique research infrastructure for the irradiation of materials to be used in future fusion reactors. The facility consists of an accelerator-based neutron source capable of providing an intense neutron flux of $1-5×10^{14}$ $n/cm^2s$ with an energetic broad peak around 14 MeV, allowing to recreate the radiation effects expected in a fusion environment.
This source is...
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) supported Niowave Inc. as a part of the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)’s Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) program [1], where USA establishes a reliable domestic supply of Mo-99 production through cooperative agreements between industries and national labs. The decay product of Mo-99, technetium-99m, is essentially used in various medical procedures....
SNS targets have been operating with helium microbubble gas injection since 2018. The measurements during in situ testing showed that the strain response of the mercury target vessel significantly decreased with gas injection. Strain reductions range from 40% to 75% for targets operating with gas-injection rates between 2-3 standard liters per minute (SLPM). These strain reductions are...
The Muon Collider will serve as the discovery machine for various mysteries raised in the modern physics, while also facilitating collider experiments for the beyond standard model. The high power target system will be the central part of the collider. The performance of the system will determine the deliverable collider beam parameters, like a luminosity and collision energy. Therefore,...
Diamond is a wide bandgap semiconductor with excellent physical properties, such as breakdown voltage and thermal conductivity. It is expected to achieve performance beyond existing devices if it is applied as an electronic device. For this purpose, it is necessary to fabricate n-type semiconductors that can operate at room temperature, using lithium as a dopant. However, this has yet to be...
Accelerator driven subcritical system (ADS) is an attractive solution to nuclear wastes disposal. Spallation target is the key coupling component between accelerator and subcritical core in ADS, which plays very important role in adjusting the operation power of the overall system and maintaining security and stability. Liquid metal windowless spallation target is considered to have more...
A new generation of instruments dedicated to the study of superheavy elements has just been com- missioned in several laboratories around the world. One can cite the SPIRAL2 accelerator in GANIL, the SHE-Factory in FLNR and the new RILAC2 in RIKEN which are designed to reach beam intensities up to 10 pμA with heavy ions as 48Ca, 50Ti, 51V or 54Cr. Under these conditions, with more than 6.1013...
In recent years, beam power in particle accelerator facilities has been increasing to explore new physics. Accompanying this trend, the heat generation density of beam target is also increasing. Traditionally, pumped water cooling system have been used to cool high heat generation density beam targets. However, these systems require multiplexed pumps and equipment with high safety features....
The ISIS Target Station Two (TS2) Horn (water) Pre-Moderator is an integral part of the Target-Reflector and Moderator (TRaM) assembly. It is a vital component in the process of moderating neutrons to the required energy for instruments on the west side of the Target Station. The original pre-moderator, made from a 2000 series aluminium alloy, failed within the first year due to corrosion. The...
ISIS-II, the successor to the UK’s pulsed neutron and muon source, will require two newly-designed spallation targets [1]. This work is still at the conceptual design stage, with a range of possible target designs still under consideration. To evaluate these concepts, it is necessary to produce a range of well-optimised target designs in sufficient detail to understand all the issues involved....
Conceptual design studies are now underway for ISIS-II, the successor to the UK’s pulsed neutron and muon source. Appropriate target technologies must be selected for each of the two proposed neutron target stations, to achieve a balance between neutronic performance and engineering reliability.
An essential choice early in the design process is between a stationary solid target or a rotating...
As part of the ISIS TS1 Project [1], a new design of spallation target has been installed and operated at ISIS TS1. Detailed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations were used to guide the design process and predict target performance. Since the TS1 Project target began operation in November 2022, operating data has been collected and used to validate the target simulation...
The ISIS Synchrotron operates two Target Stations (TS). TS1 is the oldest and has been operating for nearly 40 years. TS2 came onstream in 2009 adding an additional suite of instruments for scientific research.
Both Target Stations have solid Tungsten Targets clad in Tantalum, which are water-cooled. TS1 Target receives beam power of 160µA at 800 MeV and has proved to be very reliable with a...
The collimation system of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has been designed to ensure that beam losses in superconducting magnets remain below quench limits in all operational phases. Their jaws constrain the relativistic, high-energy particles to a very small transverse area and protect the machine aperture.
Collimators are organised in families. Primary (TCP) collimators define the...
Within the scope of the LHC Injectors Upgrade (LIU) project at CERN, a significant redesign of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) beam dump has been undertaken, accompanied by a relocation within the accelerator. The new device has been installed during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) in 2019-2020 and has been successfully operating since May 2021.
The revamped beam dump was designed to...
CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron North Area (NA) is set to house a new high-intensity fixed-target facility, to be installed in the existing ECN3 Experimental Cavern. Beam delivery to this area relies upon several beam-intercepting devices located in various branched transfer lines from the SPS. These include the transfer line ‘TED’ dump and ‘TCSC’ splitter protection collimators in the NA...
Muon colliders offer enormous potential for research of the particle physics frontier. Leptons can be accelerated without being subjected to large synchrotron radiation losses. The International Muon Collider Collaboration is considering 3 and 10 TeV (CM) machines for a conceptual stage.
At the front end of the Muon Collider facility lays a MW class production target system, which will...
The CERN’s Linac3 is a linear accelerator responsible for providing ion beams to the CERN accelerator complex. The Linac3 slits serve various functions, including charge state separation, diagnostics, and emittance measurement. However, the currently installed five slits exhibit differing specifications, functions, and positions along the beam line, making maintenance and management of spare...
The CERN ISOLDE Facility is the radioactive beam facility dedicated to the production, study and research of nuclei far from stability, currently employing the 1.4 GeV/c beam from the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB). ISOLDE is offering the largest variety of post-accelerated radioactive beams in the world. The installation is equipped with two uncooled iron blocks acting as beam dumps, buried...
The Super Fragment Separator Facility (Super-FRS) at the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) project in Darmstadt, Germany shall be a state-of-the-art particle accelerator facility, with planned commissioning for early science in 2027. The Super-FRS target area components (plugs) will be activated due to the production of rare isotopes of all elements up to uranium via fission or...
The muon experimental facility called the Muon Science Establishment (MUSE) is the user facility at J-PARC MLF in addition to the neutron facility.
The muon production target, which is 2 cm thick graphite consuming about 5% of 3 GeV proton beam and located 30 m upstream from the neutron mercury target, produces high-intensity muon beams to be utilized in versatile muon science studies. Four...
The muon production target of the J-PARC MLF adopts a rotating graphite wheel to disperse radiation damage and heat load due to proton beam injection. The target is installed in a beamline vacuum, and the target is driven by a rotary drive transmission system using a drive-line component. Data on the rotational torque and speed of the target are monitored, and the interlock is introduced to...
At J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility, 30-GeV primary proton beam up to 95 kW irradiates the fixed-type target to produce secondary particles for the particle and nuclear experiment. In order to increase the beam intensity up to 150 kW, a rotating-disk-type target is now under development. Although the rotating target is advantageous in terms of cooling capability and long lifetime compared...
The characterization of material microstructure and macrostructure effects due to radiation and extreme conditions utilizes proton/ion beam irradiation facilities, Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) and beams from a Tandem van de Graff facility, extreme temperature studies at the Center of Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), and effects due to extreme (high dose rate) x-ray environment at...
The multi-megawatt proton beams that will be employed at future accelerator complexes introduce many new challenges for next-generation targetry systems, primarily due to the increased levels of beam-induced radiation damage combined with thermal shock effects during a beam pulse. Novel material classes, such as high-entropy alloys and electro-spun nanofibers are currently being investigated...
The LBNF-DUNE experiment is expected to use a titanium beam window, immediately upstream of the pion-producing target and directly cooled by helium. This window will receive 2.5 DPA/yr from the proton beam and will experience significant cyclic loading due to beam heating, as well as operating at elevated temperature. To ensure beam window failure via high cycle fatigue is not a limiting...
Titanium-base alloys and beryllium are currently used as beam windows in multiple accelerator facilities due to their limited interaction with the beam, high strength, and radiation damage tolerance. The Tokai-to-Kamioka neutrino beamline at J-PARC uses the two-phase (alpha+beta) alloy Ti-6Al-4V as the material for both its primary beam window and target containment beam windows. The hadron...
Tungsten (W) has attracted great attention as a target material in high-intensity proton accelerator and plasma facing materials/components in future fusion reactors due to its high melting point, low thermal expansion coefficient, high density, etc. In these environments, helium (He) is produced by (n, α) nuclear reaction or spallation in bulk W. He tends to accumulate and precipitates into...
In high-energy proton accelerator facilities, protons accelerated to several hundred MeV to several hundred GeV are irradiated to target materials, and the produced secondary particles are used in experiments to elucidate particle physics, and materials and life sciences. The recent major accelerator facilities have been limited in beam power not by their accelerators, but by target...
In next-generation particle accelerators composed of the superconducting magnets, the high proof pressure is required to prepare for a severe accident of liquid helium leakage into the beamline. Furthermore, the beam window should be made of thin and low-density material to reduce loss of the beam through the beam window. It is known that the proof pressure of the sphere-shaped window is...
Material and Life science experimental facility (MLF) in J-PARC is Neutron and Muon experimental facility in Japan.[1] 3 GeV pulsed proton beam are injected to the spallation neutron target. Beam power of the MLF reached to 950 kW in the last operation period. The proton beam window (PBW) is the boundary wall between the vacuum space in the proton beam line and the helium atmosphere in the...
The inner reflector plug (IRP) at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is a 30-ton assembly responsible for moderating neutrons and increasing the yield of useful neutrons at instruments. When operating, it has three cryogenic hydrogen moderators and one water moderator. The assembly uses cadmium, gadolinium, beryllium,...
A routine mercury loop filling operation was underway early on the morning of March 21st, 2019. That operation resulted in a severe transient from a previously unidentified accident scenario. Understanding the cause, restoring systems, and addressing the safety issues took time, and the SNS could not resume operations for three months. An undetected leak from a mercury pipe led to ...
Medical accelerator-driven neutron sources are in a unique position. There are many accelerator neutron sources for experimental research, flux up to ~10^8n/s scale, and large-scale spallation-type facilities with high intensity exceeding ~10^13n/s. Accelerator-driven neutron sources for medical use[1], which are now becoming popular, are in a unique position, lying between the two.
At...
A variety of research and development related to Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) [1] are in progress spearheaded by Japan Atomic Energy Agency. At the proposed ADS facilities, a high-intensity and high-energy proton beam is supplied to a Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) alloy target. The neutrons generated by the reactions between incident protons and nuclei of Pb and Bi contained in LBE triggered...
The demand for target radioisotopes in the field of target radioisotope medicine is increasing. Next-generation treatment alpha isotopes such as 211At, 225Ac, and 226Ra are at the forefront of this area. During our investigation, we identified the regulations surrounding radioprotection and pollution as a critical issue in the mass production of these isotopes using accelerators.
To address...
The granular flow target is a novel target type for high-power applications. By utilizing granular material as a circulation medium, it combines the advantages of circulation cooling and the use of various solid materials to achieve better performance in both heat removal and neutronics properties.
To evaluate the performance of this target, a system was established that is connected to a...
We are pleased to announce the launch of a cutting-edge medical isotope production technology research project in Lanzhou, China. This initiative is designed to address the regional demand for advanced medical radioactive isotopes of the higher quality.
To achieve this goal, the project utilizes a thin metal thorium target, which maximizes specific radioactivity while minimizing total...
Radiation measurements have been prepared for investigating activation of the 1.1 MW high-power beam dump in the linear IFMIF prototype accelerator (LIPAc). Deuteron beams accelerated up to 5 MeV with a nominal beam current of 125 mA in the current operation phase are stopped in the copper cone in the beam dump located at the end of the LIPAc beam line. In addition to the activation of the...
Transmutex SA was founded in 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland, to build Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) plants for the safe and sustainable production of carbon-free energy and the transmutation of nuclear waste. The Subcritical Transmutation Accelerated Reactor Technology (START) under development features a high-intensity proton accelerator, a high-power spallation target, a subcritical core, and...
TRIUMF laboratory, Canada’s particle accelerator center, currently operates a range of high-power targets across various different facilities. Most target stations are supplied with protons from the cyclotron at the heart of the facility, capable of delivering four independently controllable beams at energies from 70 to 520MeV with a total current of up to 300µA. Along Beamline 1A, there are...
Beam intercepting devices are typically designed to absorb significant thermal power deposited by the particle beam. In many instances, due to various considerations, the heat deposited within a component is dissipated by cooling another material that is in direct contact with the initial part. The effectiveness of this cooling relies on minimising the thermal resistance at the interface.
It...
The study of asteroid deflection maneuvers show two deficiencies that would make the reliable deflection of large objects (1-3 km in diameter) impossible: Reliability and efficiency of the maneuver. Predicting the deflection from hydrocodes has shown a degree of dependence on the choice of strength model, inhibiting reliable prediction (see Stickle et al. (2019)). For efficiency of deflection...
Targeted alpha-particle therapy is a promising approach for cancer treatment, with ${}^{255}\mathrm{Ac}$ emerging as a potent radionuclide candidate. However, the scarcity of ${}^{255}\mathrm{Ac}$ supply hinders extensive clinical research. In this presentation, we focus on the photo-nuclear route as a potential means to extend the ${}^{255}\mathrm{Ac}$ production. The current bottleneck in...
The ISIS Target Station 2 decoupled solid methane moderator is cooled to 40 K using a helium cooling loop inside the methane vessel. However, there is currently a struggle to hold this temperature, with the moderator degrading over the user cycle to reach 65 K. There has recently been an undertaking to improve cooling and use more cooling power available from the cold box by reducing the...
Production of metastable Technetium-99 (Tc-99m), a decay product of Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) is vital to the medical imaging community. One method of producing Mo-99 using accelerators is through the irradiation of Mo-100 targets using an electron beam. Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) provides support to NorthStar medical Radioisotopes (NMR) on their efforts to produce Mo-99. The NMR target...
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab plans to use a a radiation cooled production target to generate pions from an incoming 8kW proton beam. Radiative cooling results in a high surface temperature, requiring a high-Z, refractory metals target material due to its high melting point, high tensile strength and low thermal expansion coefficient. Tungsten is the material of choice for this application. ...
At the J-PARC Hadron facility, construction of the COMET project is underway to explore the muon-electron conversion process. An 8 GeV proton beam supplied from the main ring is irradiated to a target in a superconducting capture solenoid magnet, and the generated pions and muons are transported to the experimental area. Graphite material will be used as the target material in Phase 1 (proton...
At the Muon Science Facility (MUSE) located within the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex, there are four beamlines situated around the muon target. The D-line incorporates a superconducting solenoid, while the U-line utilizes an axial-focusing system capable of transporting muons over large solid angles to generate ultra-slow muons. The S-line is dedicated to µSR research, and the...
At J-PARC Hadron Experimental Facility, a wide variety of nuclear and particle physics experiments has been carried out using secondary particles such as kaon and pion, which are produced in a dense-metal target irradiated by slowly extracted 30-GeV proton beam. A current target is a fixed type made of gold, which is jointed to the water-cooled copper block. The current target is designed to...
Commissioning of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) Mark IV Target-Moderator-Reflector System (TMRS) neutron source at the Lujan Center took place during the 2022 run cycle. The Mark IV is comprised of three target stations. A new upper target has been designed to accommodate and enhance the changing experimental needs. While the middle and lower target stations had minimal to no...
Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL) Second Target Station (STS) is designed to become the world’s highest peak-brightness spallation source of cold neutrons. Exceptionally bright cold neutron beams will provide transformative capabilities to examine novel materials for advanced technologies in the decades to come. Bright beams will enable new neutron scattering experiments using innovative...
The high-power pulsed spallation neutron source at Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) in the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) started the operation in May 2008, and now it is used as one of the most powerful facilities in the world for the research in the advanced field of material and life science. The beam power for user program is decided to secure the...
The Muon Science Facility (MUSE) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC MLF) generates intense pulsed muon beams (3 GeV, 25 Hz, up to 0.33 mA), which are used to study various elementary particle and material life. A muon production target is installed on the proton beamline between the 3 GeV synchrotron and the neutron target. The target is made of high-purity isotropic...
At the RIKEN RI Beam Factory, heavy-ion beams at 345 MeV/nucleon are employed to generate a great variety of exotic nuclei. These exotic nuclei are produced by a fragmentation or in-flight fission reactions of the heavy-ion beams incident on a beryllium target located at the entrance of the BigRIPS separator. The beam ions that remained unreacted at the target are intercepted by water-cooled...
Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) operated by Brookhaven National Laboratory (Upton, NY, USA) and funded by US DOE Isotope Program (IP) uses high energy proton beam for isotope production. The proton beam is generated by the Linac and directed to the BLIP target station located 30 feet underground. The incident proton energy is incrementally tunable (30-33 MeV increments) in the range...
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a heavy ion accelerator facility aiming to reach 400-kW primary beams, which will extend the heavy-ion accelerator power frontier by more than one order of magnitude. FRIB’s superconducting radio frequency (SRF) continuous-wave heavy-ion linear accelerator can accelerate all the ions up to uranium to energies above 200 MeV/u. The design beam power...
High-energy proton and neutron radiation change the microstructure and composition of structural materials during operation. These changes typically cause an increase in the strength and decrease in the ductility of the material with increasing dose. Administrative lifetime limits are applied to components in high-radiation environments at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) to limit the risk...
In this presentation, we showcase the latest capabilities and breakthroughs achieved in our laboratory using state-of-the-art instruments, namely the dilatometer, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and nano-indenter. Through rigorous experimentation, we have examined the thermal and mechanical properties of various materials, including conventional materials such as graphite and titanium...
Tungsten is chosen as the target material of European Spallation Source (ESS) where it will be irradiated by a high energy (2 GeV) and high power (5 MW) pulsed proton beam to produce neutrons to be used by neutron scattering intruments. For designing a target with a high availability, it is important to determine the development of the temperature and secondary thermal stresses in tungsten...
Austenitic stainless steel is used as a container material for spallation neutron source targets such as the American spallation neutron source (SNS), the Japanese spallation neutron source (J-PARC), and the Chinese spallation neutron source (CSNS), due to its excellent high-temperature performance, welding performance and corrosion resistance. There are some researches on the performance of...
Because of outstanding thermal conductivity of 160-230 W m-1 K-1, high water corrosion resistance and good radiation tolerance, as well as comparably low-radioactivity elements, Al alloys have been used as components in fission reactors [1]. To be noted, the Al–2.7wt%Mg (AlMg3) alloy has been used until now as the beam window material for the safety-hulls of the targets of the Swiss Spallation...
The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) project hosted at Fermilab is building the world’s highest power neutrino beamline for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). The new beamline will utilize 120 GeV protons with a time-averaged beam power of 1.2 MW (upgradeable to 2.4 MW) from the Fermilab Main Injector on a graphite target installed within the bore of a magnetic focusing...
The Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) Project, currently under final design, will deliver neutrino beam to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) utilizing 120 GeV proton beam on a graphite target at 1.2 MW in 2031 and up to 2.4 MW by 2036. The LBNF neutrino beamline utilizes several beam intercepting devices that are being designed and built to withstand the cyclic thermal shock...
The ISAC-TRIUMF facility produces Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) by impinging a 500 MeV, 50 kW proton beam onto targets of several target materials, and ionizing the outgoing atomic species. A spallation-driven, two-step target has been developed and irradiated at the ISAC-TRIUMF facility, focusing on the production of neutron-rich fission fragments and limiting by design the production of their...
We present recent work on the simulation of the turbulence occurring in the cooling channels and the influence of pulsed heating on conjugate heat transfer in Target Station 2 of the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, which is a water cooled tantalum-clad tungsten target. The simulations performed explore the potential for the influence of thermal fatigue arising from turbulent fluctuations in the...
The ISIS Synchrotron operates two Target Stations (TS). TS1 is the oldest and has been operating for nearly 40 years. TS2 came onstream in 2009 adding an additional suite of instruments for scientific research.
Target Station 2 (TS2) Target receives beam power of 40µA at 800MeV and has a service life of around 2 years. By contrast TS1 target receives beam power of 160µA at 800 MeV and has...
At FAIR, pulsed beams of a wide range of heavy ions with energies up to 1.5 GeV/nucleon are anticipated to be used for the projectile fragmentation/fission. Rare isotopes of all the elements up to uranium will be produced and spatially separated at the superconducting fragment separator (Super-FRS) within a few hundred nanoseconds to enable the study of very short-lived nuclei. The beam...
The FRIB accelerator, constructed and commissioned in 2021, serves as a pioneering facility to produce rare isotopes and access elements lying beyond stability. In early 2023, FRIB was successfully operated at 5 kW, employing beams of 36Ar, 64Zn, 36Ar and 124Xe directed onto a rotating single-slice graphite target, while effectively absorbing the remaining beam through an S-Shape static beam...
FRIB Remote Handling – Operations Experience and Future Plans*
Michael Larmann, Andreas Stolz, Daniel Cole, Jacob Morris, James Thelen, Jie Wei, Marty Mugerian
Facility for Rare Isotopes Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) is a heavy ion accelerator facility aiming to reach 400kW primary beams, which will extend the...
Within the CERN accelerator complex, and towards the high-brightness future of the upcoming HL-LHC upgrade, the exact benchmarking of simulation models and the understanding of the various materials thresholds under the effects of a high-power proton beam is critical. The HiRadMat (High Radiation to Materials) facility of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) was commissioned in 2011 (1) and...
A new high-intensity fixed-target facility could be accommodated at CERN by exploiting a proposed increase of the proton flux delivered by the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS). Multiple physics experiment proposals such as BDF/SHiP, HIKE and SHADOWS are being considered, all requiring high power target systems. Amongst the different possibilities to locate such experiments and their respective...
The ECN3 underground cavern at CERN’s SPS North Area offers unique opportunities in terms of intensity, energy and infrastructure for potential high-impact particle physics programmes that are complementary to the energy frontier and that are in line with the ESPPU 2020 recommendations. There is a strong interest to fully exploit the SPS for Fixed Target physics, which has resulted in the PBC...
High intensity neutrino beams have been generated using a proton beam power of up to 540 kW at the J-PARC neutrino facility for the long-baseline neutrino experiment since 2009. A 30 GeV proton beam of about 10^14 protons per pulse is injected using fast extraction to the graphite target. The pions generated are focused by the electric magnetic horns, and neutrinos decayed from the pions are...
The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is currently the world's highest power pulsed neutron spallation source. The SNS first reached its design power of 1.4 MW in 2013 and began operating steadily at 1.4 MW in 2018. Part of the delay in reaching steady, reliable 1.4 MW operation was due to the capabilities of the target systems. We are...
The Ring Injection Dump (RID) is a high energy beam transport (HEBT) region in the SNS accelerator where extra beam is aborted into a 150 kW water cooled beam stop. The location of the two beams on the adjacent vacuum window is currently not well understood. A new quadrupole magnet is being added to the RID beamline as part of the Proton Power Upgrade (PPU) project, so an imaging system was...
Measurement of the strain waveforms is critical to improving SNS target performance and reliable lifetime, as well as to evaluating the efficacy of strain mitigation techniques such as the injection of helium gas into the mercury flow. As the measurements must take place in a very limited space and in the presence of intense electro-magnetic interference and ionizing radiation, fiber-optic...
A liquid mercury target system for the pulsed spallation neutron source is installed in the J-PARC. High-power proton beams of 3 GeV 25 Hz is injected to the liquid mercury to produce neutrons. A mercury target vessel made of 316L stainless steel is severely damaged by cavitation which is caused by the proton beam-induced pressure waves. The thickness of beam window is designed to 3 mm to...
